MAKUHARI, Japan—Toshiba Corp. shareholders, some of them in tears, denounced management at a shareholders’ meeting Thursday outside Tokyo and asked why Toshiba had plowed billions of dollars into a now-bankrupt U.S. nuclear business. “Shame on you!” shouted one elderly shareholder. “You are all liars. How could you ask us to trust management?” The event took place less than 24 hours after a chapter 11 bankruptcy filing by…